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the Inventor

  • 1 inventor

    noun
    a person who invents:

    Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor of the telephone.

    مُخْتَرِع
    •
    Remark: see also discover.

    Arabic-English dictionary > inventor

  • 2 inventor

    m.
    inventor, developer, deviser.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 inventor
    * * *
    inventor, -a
    SM / F inventor
    * * *
    - tora masculino, femenino inventor
    * * *
    Ex. It is strange that the inventors of universal languages have not seized upon the idea of producing one which better fitted the technique for transmitting and recording speech.
    * * *
    - tora masculino, femenino inventor
    * * *

    Ex: It is strange that the inventors of universal languages have not seized upon the idea of producing one which better fitted the technique for transmitting and recording speech.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    inventor
    * * *

    inventor
    ◊ - tora sustantivo masculino, femenino

    inventor
    inventor,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino inventor

    ' inventor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    inventora
    - padre
    English:
    inventor
    * * *
    inventor, -ora nm,f
    inventor
    * * *
    m, inventora f inventor
    * * *
    : inventor
    * * *
    inventor n inventor

    Spanish-English dictionary > inventor

  • 3 John Vincent Atanasoff, Inventor of the Modern Electronic Computer

    Names and surnames: JVA

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > John Vincent Atanasoff, Inventor of the Modern Electronic Computer

  • 4 Complementarity

       The creative individual is, in a sense, complementary to the society in which he lives, rather as a soloist in a concerto. Both the basic ideas of science and the key inventions of mankind have generally been conceived in the minds of individuals, while the effort to gain the data on which the ideas and inventions have been based, and the subsequent effort to turn them to good account, have required the contributions of many besides the inventor and originator of ideas. So the individual and the community are necessary to one another.... (R. V. Jones, 1985, pp. 323-324)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Complementarity

  • 5 получать финансовую поддержку

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > получать финансовую поддержку

  • 6 втыкать в

    •

    The inventor pushed the glass cylinders into a mass of wet clay.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > втыкать в

  • 7 втыкать в

    •

    The inventor pushed the glass cylinders into a mass of wet clay.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > втыкать в

  • 8 Crompton, Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 3 December 1753 Firwood, near Bolton, Lancashire, England
    d. 26 June 1827 Bolton, Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the spinning mule.
    [br]
    Samuel Crompton was the son of a tenant farmer, George, who became the caretaker of the old house Hall-i-th-Wood, near Bolton, where he died in 1759. As a boy, Samuel helped his widowed mother in various tasks at home, including weaving. He liked music and made his own violin, with which he later was to earn some money to pay for tools for building his spinning mule. He was set to work at spinning and so in 1769 became familiar with the spinning jenny designed by James Hargreaves; he soon noticed the poor quality of the yarn produced and its tendency to break. Crompton became so exasperated with the jenny that in 1772 he decided to improve it. After seven years' work, in 1779 he produced his famous spinning "mule". He built the first one entirely by himself, principally from wood. He adapted rollers similar to those already patented by Arkwright for drawing out the cotton rovings, but it seems that he did not know of Arkwright's invention. The rollers were placed at the back of the mule and paid out the fibres to the spindles, which were mounted on a moving carriage that was drawn away from the rollers as the yarn was paid out. The spindles were rotated to put in twist. At the end of the draw, or shortly before, the rollers were stopped but the spindles continued to rotate. This not only twisted the yarn further, but slightly stretched it and so helped to even out any irregularities; it was this feature that gave the mule yarn extra quality. Then, after the spindles had been turned backwards to unwind the yarn from their tips, they were rotated in the spinning direction again and the yarn was wound on as the carriage was pushed up to the rollers.
    The mule was a very versatile machine, making it possible to spin almost every type of yarn. In fact, Samuel Crompton was soon producing yarn of a much finer quality than had ever been spun in Bolton, and people attempted to break into Hall-i-th-Wood to see how he produced it. Crompton did not patent his invention, perhaps because it consisted basically of the essential features of the earlier machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright, or perhaps through lack of funds. Under promise of a generous subscription, he disclosed his invention to the spinning industry, but was shabbily treated because most of the promised money was never paid. Crompton's first mule had forty-eight spindles, but it did not long remain in its original form for many people started to make improvements to it. The mule soon became more popular than Arkwright's waterframe because it could spin such fine yarn, which enabled weavers to produce the best muslin cloth, rivalling that woven in India and leading to an enormous expansion in the British cotton-textile industry. Crompton eventually saved enough capital to set up as a manufacturer himself and around 1784 he experimented with an improved carding engine, although he was not successful. In 1800, local manufacturers raised a sum of £500 for him, and eventually in 1812 he received a government grant of £5,000, but this was trifling in relation to the immense financial benefits his invention had conferred on the industry, to say nothing of his expenses. When Crompton was seeking evidence in 1811 to support his claim for financial assistance, he found that there were 4,209,570 mule spindles compared with 155,880 jenny and 310,516 waterframe spindles. He later set up as a bleacher and again as a cotton manufacturer, but only the gift of a small annuity by his friends saved him from dying in total poverty.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.C.Cameron, 1951, Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Mule, London (a rather discursive biography).
    Dobson \& Barlow Ltd, 1927, Samuel Crompton, the Inventor of the Spinning Mule, Bolton.
    G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Machine Called the Mule, London.
    The invention of the mule is fully described in H. Gatling, 1970, The Spinning Mule, Newton Abbot; W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester.
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides a brief account).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Crompton, Samuel

  • 9 Lee, Revd William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    d. c. 1615
    [br]
    English inventor of the first knitting machine, called the stocking frame.
    [br]
    It would seem that most of the stories about Lee's invention of the stocking frame cannot be verified by any contemporary evidence, and the first written accounts do not appear until the second half of the seventeenth century. The claim that he was Master of Arts from St John's College, Cambridge, was first made in 1607 but cannot be checked because the records have not survived. The date for the invention of the knitting machine as being 1589 was made at the same time, but again there is no supporting evidence. There is no evidence that Lee was Vicar of Calverton, nor that he was in Holy Orders at all. Likewise there is no evidence for the existence of the woman, whether she was girlfriend, fiancée or wife, who is said to have inspired the invention, and claims regarding the involvement of Queen Elizabeth I and her refusal to grant a patent because the stockings were wool and not silk are also without contemporary foundation. Yet the first known reference shows that Lee was the inventor of the knitting machine, for the partnership agreement between him and George Brooke dated 6 June 1600 states that "William Lee hath invented a very speedy manner of making works usually wrought by knitting needles as stockings, waistcoats and such like". This agreement was to last for twenty-two years, but terminated prematurely when Brooke was executed for high treason in 1603. Lee continued to try and exploit his invention, for in 1605 he described himself as "Master of Arts" when he petitioned the Court of Aldermen of the City of London as the first inventor of an engine to make silk stockings. In 1609 the Weavers' Company of London recorded Lee as "a weaver of silk stockings by engine". These petitions suggest that he was having difficulty in establishing his invention, which may be why in 1612 there is a record of him in Rouen, France, where he hoped to have better fortune. If he had been invited there by Henry IV, his hopes were dashed by the assassination of the king soon afterwards. He was to supply four knitting machines, and there is further evidence that he was in France in 1615, but it is thought that he died in that country soon afterwards.
    The machine Lee invented was probably the most complex of its day, partly because the need to use silk meant that the needles were very fine. Henson (1970) in 1831 took five pages in his book to describe knitting on a stocking frame which had over 2,066 pieces. To knit a row of stitches took eleven separate stages, and great care and watchfulness were required to ensure that all the loops were equal and regular. This shows how complex the machines were and points to Lee's great achievement in actually making one. The basic principles of its operation remained unaltered throughout its extraordinarily long life, and a few still remained in use commercially in the early 1990s.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.T.Millington and S.D.Chapman (eds), 1989, Four Centuries of Machine Knitting, Commemorating William Lee's Invention of the Stocking Frame in 1589, Leicester (N.Harte examines the surviving evidence for the life of William Lee and this must be considered as the most up-to-date biographical information).
    Dictionary of National Biography (this contains only the old stories).
    Earlier important books covering Lee's life and invention are G.Henson, 1970, History of the Framework Knitters, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1831); and W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867).
    M.Palmer, 1984, Framework Knitting, Aylesbury (a simple account of the mechanism of the stocking frame).
    R.L.Hills, "William Lee and his knitting machine", Journal of the Textile Institute 80(2) (a more detailed account).
    M.Grass and A.Grass, 1967, Stockings for a Queen. The Life of William Lee, the Elizabethan Inventor, London.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Lee, Revd William

  • 10 ajedrez

    m.
    chess.
    m. s.&pl.
    chess.
    * * *
    1 (juego) chess
    2 (tablero y piezas) chess set
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    * * *
    masculino ( juego) chess; ( tablero y fichas) chess set
    * * *
    = chess.
    Ex. The implications of this geometric trend can be understood by recalling the legend of the inventor of chess and his patron, the emperor of China = Las consecuencias de esta tendencia geométrica pueden entenderse recordando la leyenda del inventor del ajedrez y su mecenas, el emperador de China.
    ----
    * tablero de ajedrez = chessboard.
    * * *
    masculino ( juego) chess; ( tablero y fichas) chess set
    * * *

    Ex: The implications of this geometric trend can be understood by recalling the legend of the inventor of chess and his patron, the emperor of China = Las consecuencias de esta tendencia geométrica pueden entenderse recordando la leyenda del inventor del ajedrez y su mecenas, el emperador de China.

    * tablero de ajedrez = chessboard.

    * * *
    (juego) chess; (tablero y fichas) chess set
    * * *

    ajedrez sustantivo masculino ( juego) chess;
    ( tablero y fichas) chess set
    ajedrez sustantivo masculino
    1 (juego) chess
    2 (piezas y tablero) chess set
    ' ajedrez' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alfil
    - caballo
    - dama
    - enrocar
    - enroque
    - jaque
    - jugar
    - mate
    - múltiple
    - partida
    - peón
    - rato
    - semifinal
    - tabla
    - tablero
    - torre
    - abandonar
    - abandono
    - blanca
    - casilla
    - comer
    - jugada
    - maestro
    - negra
    - partido
    - pieza
    - rey
    - simultánea
    English:
    bishop
    - castle
    - check
    - checkmate
    - chess
    - chessboard
    - gambit
    - knight
    - man
    - mate
    - move
    - pawn
    - piece
    - queen
    - rook
    - set
    - square
    - stalemate
    - both
    - while
    * * *
    1. [juego] chess;
    jugar al ajedrez to play chess
    2. [piezas y tablero] chess set
    * * *
    m chess
    * * *
    ajedrez nm, pl - dreces
    1) : chess
    2) : chess set
    * * *
    1. (juego) chess
    2. (tablero y piezas) chess set

    Spanish-English dictionary > ajedrez

  • 11 emperador

    m.
    1 emperor.
    2 swordfish (fish).
    * * *
    1 emperor
    2 (pez) swordfish
    * * *
    (f. - emperadora)
    noun
    emperor / empress
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=gobernante) emperor
    2) (=pez) swordfish
    * * *
    1) ( soberano) emperor
    2) (Coc) swordfish
    * * *
    = emperor [empress, -fem.].
    Ex. The implications of this geometric trend can be understood by recalling the legend of the inventor of chess and his patron, the emperor of China = Las consecuencias de esta tendencia geométrica pueden entenderse recordando la leyenda del inventor del ajedrez y su mecenas, el emperador de China.
    ----
    * mariposa emperador = emperor moth.
    * * *
    1) ( soberano) emperor
    2) (Coc) swordfish
    * * *
    = emperor [empress, -fem.].

    Ex: The implications of this geometric trend can be understood by recalling the legend of the inventor of chess and his patron, the emperor of China = Las consecuencias de esta tendencia geométrica pueden entenderse recordando la leyenda del inventor del ajedrez y su mecenas, el emperador de China.

    * mariposa emperador = emperor moth.

    * * *
    A (soberano) emperor
    B ( Coc) swordfish
    * * *

    emperador sustantivo masculino ( soberano) emperor
    emperador sustantivo masculino
    1 emperor
    2 Zool swordfish
    ' emperador' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gélida
    - gélido
    - representar
    English:
    emperor
    * * *
    1. [título] emperor
    2. [pez espada] swordfish
    3. Urug [sandwich] toasted cheese and ham sandwich
    * * *
    m
    1 emperor
    2 pez swordfish
    * * *
    : emperor
    * * *
    emperador n emperor

    Spanish-English dictionary > emperador

  • 12 geométrico

    adj.
    geometric, geometrical.
    * * *
    1 geometric, geometrical
    * * *
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo geometric
    * * *
    Ex. The implications of this geometric trend can be understood by recalling the legend of the inventor of chess and his patron, the emperor of China = Las consecuencias de esta tendencia geométrica pueden entenderse recordando la leyenda del inventor del ajedrez y su mecenas, el emperador de China.
    ----
    * figura geométrica = geometric shape, geometric pattern.
    * forma geométrica = geometric shape, geometric pattern.
    * media geométrica = geometric mean.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo geometric
    * * *

    Ex: The implications of this geometric trend can be understood by recalling the legend of the inventor of chess and his patron, the emperor of China = Las consecuencias de esta tendencia geométrica pueden entenderse recordando la leyenda del inventor del ajedrez y su mecenas, el emperador de China.

    * figura geométrica = geometric shape, geometric pattern.
    * forma geométrica = geometric shape, geometric pattern.
    * media geométrica = geometric mean.

    * * *
    1 ‹figura/cuerpo› geometric
    2 ‹progresión/razón› geometric
    * * *

    geométrico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    geometric
    geométrico,-a adjetivo geometric(al)
    progresión geométrica, geometric progression

    ' geométrico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    geométrica
    - cubo
    English:
    axis
    - geometric
    - geometrical
    * * *
    geométrico, -a adj
    geometric;
    progresión geométrica geometric progression
    * * *
    adj geometric, geometrical
    * * *
    geométrico, -ca adj
    : geometric, geometrical
    * * *
    geométrico adj geometric

    Spanish-English dictionary > geométrico

  • 13 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 14 artífice

    f. & m.
    artificer, creator, builder, author.
    * * *
    1 (artista) craftsman, artist
    2 (autor) author
    1 figurado architect
    * * *
    SMF (Arte) artist, craftsman/craftswoman; (=hacedor) maker; (=inventor) inventor
    * * *
    masculino y femenino
    a) (responsable, autor)
    b) ( artista) (m) craftsman, artisan; (f) craftswoman, artisan
    * * *
    = maker, shaper, creator.
    Ex. The first decision in establishing headings for the works of corporate bodies is the one over which code makers have wavered.
    Ex. The article 'The serials librarian as a shaper of scholars and scholarship' discusses the problems encountered by users and the ways in which the serials librarian can help solve them.
    Ex. An important feature of the scheme in its creator's eyes was the relative index.
    ----
    * artífice del tiempo = weather-maker, rainmaker.
    * * *
    masculino y femenino
    a) (responsable, autor)
    b) ( artista) (m) craftsman, artisan; (f) craftswoman, artisan
    * * *
    = maker, shaper, creator.

    Ex: The first decision in establishing headings for the works of corporate bodies is the one over which code makers have wavered.

    Ex: The article 'The serials librarian as a shaper of scholars and scholarship' discusses the problems encountered by users and the ways in which the serials librarian can help solve them.
    Ex: An important feature of the scheme in its creator's eyes was the relative index.
    * artífice del tiempo = weather-maker, rainmaker.

    * * *
    1
    (responsable, autor): fue el artífice y ejecutor material del secuestro he planned and carried out the kidnapping
    el artífice de esta victoria the architect of this victory
    los artífices del actual sistema the architects o designers of the present system, those behind the present system
    era el artífice de su felicidad she was the reason for his happiness, she was the person responsible for his happiness
    2 (artista) ( masculine) craftsman, artisan; ( feminine) craftswoman, artisan
    * * *

    artífice sustantivo masculino y femenino
    a) (responsable, autor):


    el artífice de esta victoria the architect of this victory

    (f) craftswoman, artisan
    artífice mf author: se le considera el artífice de la transición, he is considered as the architect of the transition
    ' artífice' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    artificio
    English:
    craftsman
    - naturally
    * * *
    1. [creador, responsable] architect;
    el artífice del proceso de paz the architect of the peace process;
    el artífice de esta técnica quirúrgica the inventor of this surgical technique, the man who developed this surgical technique
    2. [artesano] craftsman, f craftswoman
    * * *
    m/f author
    * * *
    1) artesano: artisan
    2) : mastermind, architect

    Spanish-English dictionary > artífice

  • 15 Mitscherlich, Alexander

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 28 May 1836 Berlin, Germany
    d. 31 May 1918 Oberstdorf, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of sulphite wood pulp for papermaking.
    [br]
    Mitscherlich had an impeccable scientific background; his father was the celebrated chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich, discoverer of the law of isomorphism, and his godfather was Alexander von Humboldt. At first his progress at school failed to live up to this auspicious beginning and his father would only sanction higher studies if he first qualified as a teacher so as to assure a means of livelihood. Alexander rose to the occasion and went on to gain his doctorate at the age of 25 in the field of mineralogical chemistry. He worked for a few years as Assistant to the distinguished chemists Wöhler in Göttingen and Wurtz in Paris. On his father's death in 1863, he succeeded him as teacher of chemistry in the University of Berlin. In 1868 he accepted a post in the newly established Forest Academy in Hannoversch-Munden, teaching chemistry, physics and geology. The post offered little financial advantage, but it left him more time for research. It was there that he invented the process for producing sulphite wood pulp.
    The paper industry was seeking new raw materials. Since the 1840s pulp had been produced mechanically from wood, but it was unsuitable for making fine papers. From the mid-1860s several chemists began tackling the problem of separating the cellulose fibres from the other constituents of wood by chemical means. The American Benjamin C.Tilghman was granted patents in several countries for the treatment of wood with acid or bisulphite. Carl Daniel Ekman in Sweden and Karl Kellner in Austria also made sulphite pulp, but the credit for devising the process that came into general use belongs to Mitscherlich. His brother Oskar came to him at the Academy with plans for producing pulp by the action of soda, but the results were inferior, so Mitscherlich substituted calcium bisulphite and in the laboratory obtained good results. To extend this to a large-scale process, he was forced to set up his own mill, where he devised the characteristic towers for making the calcium bisulphite, in which water trickling down through packed lime met a rising current of sulphur dioxide. He was granted a patent in Luxembourg in 1874 and a German one four years later. The sulphite process did not make him rich, for there was considerable opposition to it; government objected to the smell of sulphur dioxide, forestry authorities were anxious about the inroads that might be made into the forests and his patents were contested. In 1883, with the support of an inheritance from his mother, Mitscherlich resigned his post at the Academy to devote more time to promoting his invention. In 1897 he at last succeeded in settling the patent disputes and achieving recognition as the inventor of sulphite pulp. Without this raw material, the paper industry could never have satisfied the insatiable appetite of the newspaper presses.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.Voorn "Alexander Mitscherlich, inventor of sulphite wood pulp", Paper Maker 23(1): 41–4.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Mitscherlich, Alexander

  • 16 auteur

    auteur, e [otœʀ]
    masculine noun, feminine noun
    [de texte, roman] author ; [d'opéra] composer ; [de procédé] originator ; [de crime, coup d'état] perpetrator
    • « auteur inconnu » "artist unknown"
    • qui est l'auteur des paroles ? who wrote the words?
    * * *
    otœʀ
    nom masculin
    1) ( qui a écrit) author
    2) ( créateur) ( de chanson) composer; ( d'œuvre artistique) artist
    3) (de réforme, loi) author; ( de découverte) inventor; ( de crime) perpetrator; ( de coup d'État) leader

    l'auteur de mes jours — hum ( mère) my revered mother; ( père) my revered father

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    otœʀ auteur, -e
    1. nm/f
    (= écrivain, poète) author
    2. nm
    (= personne à l'origine de qch) [crime] perpetrator

    l'auteur de cette remarque — the person who made that remark, the person who said that

    * * *
    auteur nm
    1 ( qui a écrit) author; les grands auteurs the great authors; relire un auteur to re-read an author; du même auteur by the same author;
    2 ( créateur) ( de chanson) composer; (de tableau, d'œuvre artistique) artist; film d'auteur art film; cinéma d'auteur art-house cinema GB ou movies (pl) US; photographie d'auteur art photography;
    3 (de réforme, loi) author; ( de découverte) inventor; (de crime, délit, d'attentat) perpetrator; ( de coup d'État) leader; l'auteur du canular the hoaxer; l'auteur de mes jours hum ( mère) my revered mother; ( père) my revered father.
    auteur de chansons songwriter; auteur dramatique playwright.
    [otɶr] nom masculin
    1. [qui a écrit - un livre, un article, une chanson] writer, author
    a. [d'une toile] painter of
    b. [d'un décor, d'un meuble, d'un vêtement] designer of
    c. [d'un morceau de musique] composer of
    d. [d'une statue] sculptor of
    e. [d'un film, d'un clip] director of
    quelle jolie chanson, qui en est l'auteur? what a lovely song, who wrote it?
    2. [responsable]
    l'auteur de la victoire/défaite the person who brought about victory/defeat

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > auteur

  • 17 Claudet, Antoine François Jean

    [br]
    b. 12 August 1797 France
    d. 27 December 1867 London, England
    [br]
    French pioneer photographer and photographic inventor in England.
    [br]
    He began his working life in banking but soon went into glassmaking and in 1829 he moved to London to open a glass warehouse. On hearing of the first practicable photographic processes in 1834, Claudet visited Paris, where he received instruction in the daguerreotype process from the inventor Daguerre, and purchased a licence to operate in England. On returning to London he began to sell daguerreotype views of Paris and Rome, but was soon taking and selling his own views of London. At this time exposures could take as long as thirty minutes and portraiture from life was impracticable. Claudet was fascinated by the possibilities of the daguerreotype and embarked on experiments to improve the process. In 1841 he published details of an accelerated process and took out a patent proposing the use of flat painted backgrounds and a red light in dark-rooms. In June of that year Claudet opened the second daguerreotype portrait studio in London, just three months after his rival, Richard Beard. He took stereoscopic photographs for Wheatstone as early as 1842, although it was not until the 1850s that stereoscopy became a major interest. He suggested and patented several improvements to viewers derived from Brewster's pattern.
    Claudet was also one of the first photographers to practise professionally Talbot's calotype process. He became a personal friend of Talbot, one of the few from whom the inventor was prepared to accept advice. Claudet died suddenly in London following an accident that occurred when he was alighting from an omnibus. A memoir produced shortly after his death lists over forty scientific papers relating to his researches into photography.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1853.
    Further Reading
    "The late M.Claudet", 1868, Photographic News 12:3 (obituary).
    "A.Claudet, FRS, a memoir", 1968, (reprinted from The Scientific Review), London: British Association (a fulsome but valuable Victorian view of Claudet).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a comprehensive account of Claudet's daguerreotype work).
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London (provides details of Claudet's relationship with Talbot).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Claudet, Antoine François Jean

  • 18 descubridor

    adj.
    discovering, finder, scouting, pathfinder.
    m.
    discoverer, finder.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 discoverer
    * * *
    descubridor, -a
    SM / F
    1) [de lugar, invento, deportista] discoverer
    2) (Mil) scout
    * * *
    - dora masculino, femenino discoverer

    el descubridor de la penicilina — the man who discovered penicillin, the discoverer of penicillin

    * * *
    Ex. Documentation is the process of collecting and subject classifying all the records of new observations and making them available, at need, to the discoverer or the inventor.
    * * *
    - dora masculino, femenino discoverer

    el descubridor de la penicilina — the man who discovered penicillin, the discoverer of penicillin

    * * *

    Ex: Documentation is the process of collecting and subject classifying all the records of new observations and making them available, at need, to the discoverer or the inventor.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    discoverer
    Colón fue el descubridor de América Columbus was the discoverer of America o the man who discovered America
    el descubridor de la penicilina the man who discovered penicillin, the discoverer of penicillin
    * * *

    descubridor
    ◊ - dora sustantivo masculino, femenino

    discoverer
    descubridor,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino discoverer

    ' descubridor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    descubridora
    English:
    discoverer
    * * *
    descubridor, -ora nm,f
    discoverer;
    él fue el descubridor de los Beatles he was the one who discovered the Beatles
    * * *
    m, descubridora f discoverer
    * * *
    : discoverer, explorer

    Spanish-English dictionary > descubridor

  • 19 espíritu empresarial

    m.
    entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurship, aggressiveness.
    * * *
    (n.) = entrepreneurship, business acumen
    Ex. Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.
    Ex. They have business acumen -- the ability to focus on the basics and make money for the company.
    * * *
    (n.) = entrepreneurship, business acumen

    Ex: Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.

    Ex: They have business acumen -- the ability to focus on the basics and make money for the company.

    Spanish-English dictionary > espíritu empresarial

  • 20 idealista

    adj.
    1 idealistic.
    2 idealist, idealistic, starry-eyed, tender-minded.
    f. & m.
    idealist.
    * * *
    1 idealistic
    1 idealist
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo idealistic
    II
    masculino y femenino idealist
    * * *
    = idealistic, visionary, idealist, stargazer.
    Ex. In conclusion, I am sure you all believe me to be either idealistic, unrealistic, radical, or just plain silly.
    Ex. One of the similarities between the two is that individuals involved in both spheres are, to a large extent, visionaries.
    Ex. Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.
    Ex. His influence in Washington could root out the silly liberal stargazers who can't get anything done.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo idealistic
    II
    masculino y femenino idealist
    * * *
    = idealistic, visionary, idealist, stargazer.

    Ex: In conclusion, I am sure you all believe me to be either idealistic, unrealistic, radical, or just plain silly.

    Ex: One of the similarities between the two is that individuals involved in both spheres are, to a large extent, visionaries.
    Ex: Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.
    Ex: His influence in Washington could root out the silly liberal stargazers who can't get anything done.

    * * *
    idealistic
    idealist
    * * *

    idealista adjetivo
    idealistic
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    idealist
    idealista
    I adjetivo idealistic
    II mf idealist
    ' idealista' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    incorregible
    English:
    idealist
    - idealistic
    - starry-eyed
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    idealistic
    ♦ nmf
    idealist
    * * *
    I adj idealistic
    II m/f idealist
    * * *
    : idealistic
    : idealist

    Spanish-English dictionary > idealista

Страницы

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